In Context
- The government has recently imposed money laundering provisions on cryptocurrencies.
About
- The Finance Ministry said the anti-money laundering legislation has been applied to crypto trading, safekeeping and related financial services.
- The notification said,
- Exchange between virtual digital assets and fiat currencies,
- Exchange between one or more forms of virtual digital assets,
- Transfer of virtual digital assets, safekeeping or administration of virtual digital assets or instruments enabling control over virtual digital assets, and participation in and
- Provision of financial services related to an issuer’s offer and sale of a virtual digital asset”
- All of the above will now be covered by the Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002.
- Virtual digital assets: Virtual digital assets were defined as any code or number or token generated through cryptographic means with the promise or representation of having inherent value.
- Role of FIU-IND: After this, Indian crypto exchanges will have to report suspicious activity to the Financial Intelligence Unit India (FIU-IND).
Significance
- In line with the global trend: The move is in line with the global trend of requiring digital-asset platforms to follow anti-money laundering standards similar to those followed by other regulated entities like banks or stock brokers.
- Filling the policy vacuum: Digital currency and assets like NFTs (non-fungible tokens) have gained traction globally over the last couple of years.
- Trading in these assets has increased manifold with cryptocurrency exchanges being launched.
- However, India, till last year, did not have a clear policy on either regulating or taxing such asset classes.
What is Cryptocurrency?
- It is a digital currency that can be used in place of conventional money.
- In cryptocurrencies, cryptography is used to secure and verify transactions. It is also used to control the supply of cryptocurrencies.
- It is supported by a decentralized peer-to-peer network called the blockchain.
- The first cryptocurrency: Bitcoin, was launched in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto.
Features of Cryptocurrency
- Cheaper to transfer:
- Some coins are used to transfer value (measured in a currency like dollars) cheaper and faster than using credit or conventional means.
- Meaning the cost to send someone crypto, which can be converted into regular currency, is cheaper than something like a check or wire transfer.
- No physical form:
- Cryptocurrency does not exist in physical form (like paper money) and is typically not issued by a central authority.
- However, it can be and many governments are working to create a crypto coin version of its respective fiat currency.
- Decentralised:
- Cryptocurrencies typically use decentralized control as opposed to a central bank digital currency.
- When created with decentralized control, each cryptocurrency works through what is called distributed ledger technology, which is typically a blockchain, that serves as a public financial transaction database.
Challenges
- While the supposed potential benefits from crypto assets have yet to materialize, significant risks have emerged.
- Undermining the monetary policy & international monetary system: The widespread adoption of crypto assets could undermine the effectiveness of monetary policy, circumvent capital flow management measures, and exacerbate fiscal risks.
- Widespread adoption could also have significant implications for the international monetary system in the longer term.
- Security Risks: Cyberattacks on wallets, exchange mechanism (Cryptojacking).
- They are prone to issues like Hijacking, Routing Attacks, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.
- Shield to Crime: Used for illicit trading, criminal activities and organised crimes.
- Lack of Liquidity and Lower Acceptability: Outside the traditional banking systems.
- Price Volatility: Prone to price fluctuations and waste of computing power.
- Threat to the Indian rupee: If a large number of investors invest in digital coins rather than rupee-based savings like provident funds, the demand of the latter will fall.
- Consumer protection and enforcement: Due to the decentralised nature of digital instruments of bitcoins, any regulatory regime over crypto assets is challenging.
- There is a great likelihood of execution of unauthorised trades not in consonance with any regulatory framework.
Indian Government’s stand on Cryptocurrency
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), has long recommended a complete ban on all crypto, warning that it has the potential to destabilize the country’s monetary and fiscal stability.
- Despite having no regulatory framework for crypto, the Indian government had introduced a new tax regime last year, taxing crypto income at 30% and a 1% tax deducted at source (TDS) on crypto transactions.
|
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002
|
Source: TH
